Video Editing: Step-by-Step Techniques for Beginners and Creators

Understanding the Video Editing Workflow

Before you open any software, it is essential to understand how a professional editing workflow is structured. Skipping this step is one of the most common reasons beginners feel overwhelmed. Think of the workflow as a recipe; each stage has a purpose, and following the order saves time and prevents costly mistakes.

The Six Stages of a Standard Editing Workflow

Every video project, from a 30-second Instagram Reel to a 10-minute YouTube documentary, moves through six core stages:

1. Pre-production planning – defining your story, scripting, and shot list

2. Footage ingest – transferring and backing up raw video files

3. Organisation – naming, labelling, and binning your clips

4. Rough cut – assembling clips in narrative order without fine detail

5. Fine cut – refining timing, audio, colour, and graphics

6. Export and delivery – rendering the final file for its intended platform

Most beginners jump straight to stage four, skipping organisation entirely. This leads to misplaced files, duplicated effort, and inconsistent results. A disciplined workflow reduces edit time significantly.

Linear vs. Non-Linear Editing

Traditional video editing was linear; you had to edit footage in sequence from start to finish, a method born from analogue tape. Modern editing is non-linear (NLE), meaning you can work on any part of your project at any time, rearrange clips freely, and apply changes non-destructively.

All major editing programmes today, CapCut, DaVinci Resolve, and Adobe Premiere Pro, operate on the NLE model. Understanding this gives you the confidence to experiment without fear of permanently damaging your footage.

Understanding File Formats

Before you begin editing, it helps to understand three distinct technical elements that are commonly confused: the container format, the codec, and the bitrate.

Container Format is the wrapper that holds your video, audio, and metadata together. Think of it as a tape or disc, but digital. The container determines which devices and players can open your file. MP4 is the most universally accepted container for delivery and works across virtually every platform, but it lacks support for features like the alpha channel required for transparent broadcast overlays. MOV is Apple’s container, used by professional cameras and iPhones, and supports higher quality and transparency. MXF is the broadcast standard used in professional Sony and Panasonic cameras. AVI is a legacy Windows container with very large file sizes, rarely used today.

Codec (short for code-decoder) determines how the computer encodes and reads the binary data of your footage into a visible image. H.264 is the most common delivery codec, offering efficient file sizes with good quality but using lossy compression that discards some raw image data. H.265 (HEVC) achieves similar quality at roughly half the H.264 file size, making it preferred for 4K content. ProRes is a professional codec, not a format, that retains significantly more image data than H.264 or H.265, making it the standard for colour grading and visual effects work. It can be wrapped inside either a MOV or MXF container.

Bitrate is the amount of data allocated per second of video, measured in megabits per second (Mbps). Even with the same container and codec, a lower bitrate compresses footage more aggressively, similar to a “full HD” video on YouTube that appears pixelated and colour-muddy because insufficient data is allocated to faithfully reproduce the original image.

For most Singapore creators shooting on smartphones or mirrorless cameras, your footage will arrive as MP4 (H.264) or MOV, both fully compatible with all editing software covered in this guide.

How to Choose the Right Video Editing Software

The editing programme you choose will shape your entire creative process. The good news is that in 2025, several excellent options will be available at every price point, including free. The right choice depends on your skill level, intended platform, operating system, and budget.

Software Comparison: Beginners to Advanced

Recommended Starting Point for Singapore Creators

For Mobile-First Creators: CapCut

CapCut, developed by ByteDance, is widely used by Singaporean TikTok and Instagram creators. Its template library, auto-caption feature (supporting English and Mandarin), and one-tap export make it ideal for short-form content.

For Aspiring Professionals: DaVinci Resolve

DaVinci Resolve is the recommendation for anyone serious about developing a transferable editing skill. Its free version is more powerful than many paid alternatives, and it is the industry-standard tool used in Singapore’s film and advertising post-production houses, including those based in MediaCorp’s campus at Caldecott and independent studios in Mapletree Business City.

For Corporate Marketing Teams: Adobe Premiere Pro

If your organisation already subscribes to Adobe Creative Cloud, which is common in Singapore agencies on Raffles Place and Tanjong Pagar, Premiere Pro integrates seamlessly with After Effects, Photoshop, and Adobe Express. Its collaboration features also support team-based production workflows.

Setting Up Your Editing Workspace

A well-configured workspace reduces fatigue, speeds up your editing, and helps you make better creative decisions. This applies whether you are editing on an HDB study desk or in a dedicated studio.

Hardware Recommendations

Computer Specifications

Video editing is resource-intensive. The following are recommended minimum specifications for editing 1080p footage in 2026:

Singapore Tip: Sim Lim Square and Courts Megastore in Singapore carry editing-ready laptops. Popular choices among local creators include the ASUS ProArt Studiobook, Apple MacBook Pro M3, and Dell XPS 15. Many freelance editors also rent editing suites by the hour at co-working spaces in One-North and Mediapolis.

External Storage and Backup

Professional editors always maintain three copies of their footage: one on the primary editing drive, one on an external backup drive, and one in cloud storage. In Singapore, services such as Dropbox Business, Google Drive (Workspace), and local providers like SingTel’s cloud backup are reliable options. External SSDs from Samsung (T7 series) and SanDisk are widely available at Best Denki and Harvey Norman outlets island-wide.

Configuring Your Software Workspace

DaVinci Resolve: First-Time Setup

1. Open DaVinci Resolve → New Project → Name your project clearly (e.g., ‘SingaporeFoodTourApr2026′)

2. Set Project Frame Rate: File → Project Settings → Master Settings → Timeline frame rate

Frame rate is a regional consideration that most beginner guides overlook. Singapore, along with most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, and India, uses 25 fps as the broadcast and production standard, a legacy of the PAL broadcast system. The competing standard, 29.97 fps (commonly rounded to 30), applies to the United States, Japan, and other NTSC-influenced regions. Social media platforms such as YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram default to 30 fps because they are US-based platforms built on the NTSC standard.

As a practical guide for Singapore creators:

• 25 fps, the correct default for Singapore broadcast, local television, and regional delivery. Use this as your starting setting for most projects
• 24 fps, used internationally for a cinematic film look
• 30 fps, for content destined specifically for social media platforms
• 60 fps, for sports, gaming, and action content requiring smooth slow-motion

Unless your project is specifically destined for a social media platform, set your timeline to 25 fps as the standard for Singapore-based production work.

3. Set Resolution: 1920×1080 for standard HD, 3840×2160 for 4K

4. Configure proxy media if working with 4K footage on slower hardware: Playback → Timeline Playback Resolution → Half Resolution

Keyboard Shortcuts You Must Know

Importing and Organising Your Footage

Disorganised footage is one of the most common causes of editing frustration. Professionals spend 15-20% of their total project time on organisation alone. The investment pays back many times over during the edit.

File Naming Conventions

Adopt a consistent naming system before importing anything. A recommended format is:

Folder Structure

Source: Reddit

Create a dedicated project folder with the following sub-folders before you import a single clip:

• 01RawFootage – Untouched original files from your camera or phone

• 02_Audio – Music tracks, voice-overs, sound effects

• 03_Graphics – Logos, lower thirds, overlay images

• 04ProjectFiles – Your .drp (DaVinci) or .prproj (Premiere) save files

• 05_Exports – Finished rendered files

• 06_Reference – Mood boards, scripts, briefs

Importing into DaVinci Resolve

1. Open the Media Pool (shortcut: Shift+1)

2. Right-click in the Media Pool → Add Bin → Name it (e.g., ‘Raw Footage’)

3. Navigate to your 01RawFootage folder → Select all files → Drag into the bin.

4. Do NOT move or rename files in your OS folder after importing – this breaks the link.

5. Enable Optimised Media for 4K files: right-click clip → Generate Optimised Media

Transcoding for Smooth Playback

If your footage stutters during playback, transcode it to a proxy format. In DaVinci Resolve, right-click your clips → Generate Proxy Media → select ‘H.264 and then Quarter Resolution’. This creates a lightweight copy for editing while preserving the original quality for export.

Core Editing Techniques: Cuts, Trims, and Sequences

The cut is the fundamental unit of video editing. Every technique covered in this section builds on the basic principle of selecting what to keep and what to remove. Mastery of these core techniques separates competent editors from great ones.

The Rough Cut

The rough cut is your first assembly of the footage in narrative order. At this stage, do not worry about precision. Your goal is to tell the story with the right clips in the right sequence, even if the transitions are clunky and the timing is off.

Step-by-Step: Building a Rough Cut in DaVinci Resolve

1. Switch to the Cut page (shortcut: Shift+2) or Edit page (Shift+4)

2. Drag your first clip from the Media Pool to the Timeline.

3. Use I (Mark In) and O (Mark Out) to select the usable portion of each clip before dropping it to the timeline.

4. Continue adding clips in order of your script or storyboard

5. Use Append at End (shortcut: E) to add clips sequentially without gaps

6. Watch back the rough cut from start to finish without editing, noting which sections feel slow, confusing, or unnecessary

Types of Cuts Every Editor Should Know

Practical Example: Singapore Food Vlog

Consider a food vlog filmed at a Maxwell Food Centre hawker stall. A jump cut mid-sentence while the host introduces a dish makes the 2-minute setup feel like 30 seconds. An L-cut lets the sizzle sound of the wok carry over from the cooking B-roll before cutting back to the host’s reaction, creating a sensory connection that a hard cut alone cannot achieve.

The Fine Cut

Once your rough cut tells the story, you refine it into the fine cut. This involves:

• Tightening clip edges by 2-5 frames to remove hesitation and dead air

• Removing filler words (‘um’, ‘ah’, ‘like’) from interview or voiceover recordings

• Adjusting pacing, speeding up sections that feel slow, and slowing down key moments

• Ensuring each scene change feels motivated, not arbitrary

Rule of Thumb: If you can remove a clip and the story still makes sense, it probably should not be there. Every frame should earn its place.

Working with Audio

Many beginners treat audio as an afterthought, but poor audio quality is the single most cited reason viewers stop watching a video, even when the visuals are excellent. An average video with great audio consistently outperforms a visually stunning video with poor sound.

Levels and the Loudness Standard

Audio is measured in decibels (dB). Understanding two key measurements will help you hit the professional standard:

• Peak level – the loudest single moment in your audio. Should not exceed -3 dBFS to avoid clipping.

• LUFS (Loudness Units relative to Full Scale) – the perceived loudness over time. The target varies by platform:

Cleaning Up Dialogue

Source: Black Magic Design

Step-by-Step: Noise Reduction in DaVinci Resolve (Fairlight Page)

1. Switch to the Fairlight page (Shift+8)

2. Select the dialogue clip → Right-click → ‘Add FX’ → Noise Reduction

3. Click ‘Learn’ and record 2-3 seconds of room tone (background noise without speech)

4. Adjust Noise Reduction Amount to 50-70%, as too much creates an unnatural, robotic sound

5. Use the Dialogue Processor: set Low Cut to 80 Hz to remove rumble, set De-Ess to reduce harsh ‘S’ sounds

6. Check your levels in the Loudness Meter; it is target -14 LUFS for social media delivery

Music Licensing for Singapore Creators

Using copyrighted music without a licence will trigger Content ID claims on YouTube and may result in your video being muted or removed. The following sources provide music legal for commercial use:

• YouTube Audio Library – free, no attribution required for most tracks

• Epidemic Sound – subscription service (~S$20/month), used widely by Singapore YouTubers

• Artlist – annual subscription, covers unlimited commercial use, including client work

• IMDA’s MusicSG Portal – promotes original Singaporean music; some tracks are available royalty-free

Adding Text, Titles, and Motion Graphics

Text and graphics serve multiple functions in video: they introduce people and places, reinforce spoken information, direct the viewer’s attention, and contribute to brand identity. Used well, they elevate a video from amateur to professional.

Types of Text Elements

• Title cards – full-screen text used to introduce a video, section, or topic
• Lower thirds – text overlay at the bottom third of the screen, used to name speakers and locations.

• Supers – factual captions overlaid on footage (e.g., statistics, product prices)

• End cards – final screen with calls to action, subscribe buttons, or related videos

• Captions and subtitles – essential for accessibility and for viewers watching without sound

Auto-Captions: A Game Changer for Singapore Creators

Captions dramatically increase watch time and are essential for reaching viewers in Singapore’s multilingual environment. Research consistently shows that 80% of viewers on mobile watch videos without sound in public spaces, a behaviour especially prevalent on Singapore’s MRT network.

Enabling Auto-Captions in DaVinci Resolve 18+

1. Go to the Edit page → Click the ‘Subtitles’ tab in the Effects Library

2. Right-click your audio clip → ‘Transcribe Audio’ (requires an internet connection for AI processing)

3. Review and correct the generated captions – pay attention to local terms such as ‘hawker centre’, ‘HDB’, ‘Merlion’, ‘kopitiam’, and Singlish phrases that AI may misspell

4. Style captions: Inspector → Subtitles → Set font to Arial, size 42-48, with a semi-transparent black background for readability against any background

5. Export with embedded captions or as a separate SRT file for YouTube upload

Designing Lower Thirds

A lower third identifies a person or location appearing on screen. Effective lower thirds share these characteristics:

• Stay on screen for 3-5 seconds – long enough to read, short enough not to obstruct the subject

• Use your brand font and colour palette consistently across all videos

• Include the name on the top line and the title or context on the second line, slightly smaller

• Animate with a subtle slide-in from the left; avoid heavy bounces or spin effects

Singapore Example: A property agency in Bishan produces weekly YouTube tour videos of HDB resale flats. Their lower thirds display the agent’s name, their ERA or PropNex credentials, and the property address, building credibility with prospective buyers in under five seconds.

Colour Grading and Colour Correction

Colour is one of the most powerful and most misunderstood tools in video editing. Colour correction fixes technical problems with your footage (wrong exposure, incorrect white balance). Colour grading applies a deliberate aesthetic to create mood and brand consistency.

Colour Correction: The Technical Foundation

Before you apply any creative grade, correct the technical issues in your footage using the following sequence, a process sometimes referred to as ‘primary correction’:

1. Exposure – Adjust the Lift (shadows), Gamma (midtones), and Gain (highlights) so no area is blown out or crushed to pure black

2. White Balance – Correct the colour temperature so neutral objects (white walls, grey cards) appear genuinely neutral

3. Contrast – Use the S-Curve tool to add punch without losing detail in the shadows or highlights

4. Saturation – Bring overall saturation to a natural level before applying any creative grade

Colour Grading: Creating a Look

Once your footage is technically balanced, you can apply a creative grade to establish the emotional tone of your video. Common looks used by Singapore-based creators include:

Using LUTs (Look-Up Tables)

LUTs are pre-made colour transformations that apply a specific look instantly. Many Singapore YouTubers and commercial cinematographers use LUTs to maintain a consistent visual identity across different filming conditions especially important when shooting at both interior HDB flats and outdoor locations in bright Singapore sunlight.

• Free LUTs: DaVinci Resolve includes 20+ built-in LUTs. G2 and Cinecolor offer free packs.

• Paid LUTs: Film Riot, Visual Supply Co (VSCO), and local studio BBLV offer Singapore-specific tropical look LUTs

• To apply: Colour page → Gallery → PowerGrades/LUTs → drag onto clip or node.

Transitions and Visual Effects

Transitions connect one clip to the next. Visual effects add dynamism, emphasis, or style. Both should serve the story, not distract from it. The most common mistake beginners make is overusing flashy transitions as a substitute for thoughtful editing.

When to Use (and Avoid) Transitions

Transitions That Work

Speed Ramping

Speed ramping, gradually transitioning between slow motion and real speed, is one of the most popular effects in modern content. It is used extensively in travel vlogs, fitness content, and product launches. Singapore creator @wander.lion uses speed ramping in almost every travel video filmed at destinations across Southeast Asia.

How to Speed Ramp in DaVinci Resolve

1. Right-click your clip on the timeline → Retime and Speed → Speed Change

2. Click on the clip to access the Retime Controls (Shift+R)

3. Add speed points at the start and end of the ramp section

4. Drag the speed indicator: drag left to slow down, right to speed up

5. Right-click the ramp section → ‘Smooth’ to apply an ease-in/ease-out curve

6. Pair the ramp with a matching beat in your music track for maximum impact

Exporting Your Video for Different Platforms

Export settings are where many beginners make costly mistakes. The wrong codec, resolution, or bitrate can result in a video that looks blurry on YouTube, is too large to upload to Instagram, or gets rejected by a client’s broadcast requirements.

Recommended Export Settings by Platform

Note on ProRes: ProRes 422 is a codec, not a standalone format. When exporting a ProRes master file, your output will be wrapped in a MOV or MXF container. Select MOV as your container in DaVinci Resolve’s Deliver page when choosing ProRes 422 for client delivery.

Exporting from DaVinci Resolve

1. Switch to the Deliver page (Shift+9)

2. Select a render preset or configure manually: Format → MP4, Codec → H.264

3. Set Resolution, Frame Rate, and Quality (Custom → enter target bitrate)

4. Check the audio settings: AAC, Sample Rate 48,000 Hz, Stereo

5. Set the Output Location to your 05_Exports folder

6. Click ‘Add to Render Queue’ → ‘Render All’

Publishing and Distributing Content in Singapore

Completing your edit is only half the job. Strategic publishing and distribution determine whether your video reaches its intended audience or disappears into the feed.

Optimising for Each Platform

YouTube

• Upload your highest-quality file to YouTube, so a larger source file produces better results.

• Write a keyword-rich title and description. In Singapore, geo-specific terms like ‘Singapore food guide’, ‘HDB renovation’, and ‘Changi Airport tips’ drive strong organic search traffic

• Create custom thumbnail videos with custom thumbnails; they receive 90% more clicks than those using auto-generated frames.

• Add chapters using timestamps in your description. YouTube’s algorithm favours watch time, and chapters help viewers navigate to relevant sections, boosting average view duration.

TikTok and Instagram Reels

• Post within peak engagement windows: 7-9 AM, 12-2 PM, and 7-10 PM SGT (Singapore Standard Time, UTC+8)

• Use 3-5 hashtags, not 30. Over-tagging signals low quality to TikTok’s algorithm. Mix high-volume (#singapore, #sgfood) with mid-range (#sgcreator, #sgtiktok) tags

• Add captions in the first post. Viewers swiping through the For You Page rarely tap ‘See more’ for long captions.

• Re-use your video as an Instagram Reel within 24 hours of the TikTok post for maximum cross-platform reach.h

Video SEO in Singapore

Singapore’s YouTube and Google search landscape is competitive. Video SEO, optimising your video to rank in search results, is a discipline in its own right, but three fundamentals yield the most impact for beginners:

1. Include your target keyword in the video filename before uploading (e.g., ‘best-hawker-centres-singapore-2025.mp4’)

2. Speak your keyword within the first 30 seconds. YouTube’s auto-captions are indexed by Google Search

3. Respond to every comment within the first 48 hours; engagement signals boost algorithmic distribution

Real-World Case Studies from Singapore

The following case studies are drawn from publicly observable examples within Singapore’s content creation ecosystem. They illustrate how the techniques described in this guide translate into real-world outcomes.

Case Study 1: IEATISHOOTIPOST, A Singapore Hawker Food Blog

Source: IEATISHOOTIPOST Blog

Background: Dr Leslie Tay, a family doctor based in Tampines, launched the blog ieatishootipost.sg in 2006 with no media or journalism background. Driven by a personal obsession with finding the best hokkien mee in Singapore, he began documenting hawker food across the island, photographing dishes, interviewing hawkers, and writing detailed reviews.

Challenge: Shooting food in dimly lit hawker centres made it difficult to capture dishes accurately. As a non-media professional, he had to teach himself food photography from scratch while balancing a full-time medical practice.

Solution: He developed his own techniques for hawker centre food photography and built a distinctive review style that combined personal storytelling with factual depth, including the history behind dishes and the people who cook them. He communicated directly with hawkers to gather context that typical food reviewers missed.

Outcome: The blog grew to approximately 12,000 page views per day and won the Asia Pacific Best Food Blog Award. He published four books on Singapore food, co-hosted the MediaCorp Channel 5 series 8 Days Eat, and attracted brand partnerships with Tefal, Kikkoman, and KitchenAid. He was appointed to the government’s Hawker Centre Review Committee and is now recognised internationally as a key opinion leader on Singapore hawker culture.

Case Study 2: PropertyLimBrothers: Home Tour Videos, PropNex Singapore

Source: PropertyLimBrothers

Background: Melvin Lim and Adrian Lim, co-founders of PropertyLimBrothers, were former prison officers who entered the real estate industry together and eventually joined PropNex, where they spent over a decade. Their first presenter-style home tour video was filmed in December 2016 with a GoPro camera, with the goal of “reverse engineering” the property sale process by looking at it from the buyer’s viewpoint.

Challenge: Traditionally, agents took photos of a property, posted them on property portals, and waited for the phone to ring, with buyers left to sift through thousands of listings and photos that could not tell a story. Early videos lacked consistency in production quality, and the duo had to self-study videography, storyboarding, editing, and social media marketing till the early hours of the morning.

Solution: PropertyLimBrothers developed Signature Home Tour videos using forward-looking technology and a structured eye for detail, studying each home intently to identify key features and characteristics, then strategising how to present the property in its best light. The team grew to include a full-fledged media arm alongside the sales team, with dedicated videographers, editors, and a client care team all contributing to each home tour.

Outcome: The home featured in their very first video was sold within one month of going online. PropertyLimBrothers has since produced over 1,700 real estate videos and transacted over 1,200 properties in 24 months, growing from a two-person team to a 105-strong operation with 78,000 YouTube subscribers. FeedSpot. The brand became so successful that the two founders eventually left PropNex to launch PLB Realty as an independent boutique agency.

Common Mistakes Beginners Make (and How to Avoid Them)

Understanding what goes wrong is as valuable as knowing what to do right. The following mistakes are consistently observed among new editors in Singapore and globally.

A Note on Perfectionism

Many Singapore creators, particularly those with perfectionist tendencies, spend 80% of their editing time on the final 20% of quality improvements. Set a fixed export deadline for yourself: publish at 90% of your best, consistently, rather than waiting for 100%.

Momentum and publishing frequency drive algorithmic growth on every platform more powerfully than any single ‘perfect’ video.

Building a Career in Video Editing in Singapore

Video editing has transitioned from a niche post-production role into one of the most in-demand digital skills across every industry. In Singapore, the demand is being driven by the growth of content marketing, the expansion of OTT platforms, and the government’s Smart Nation initiative, which encourages digital skills at every level of the workforce.

Career Pathways

Certifications and Training in Singapore

Singapore’s SkillsFuture Credit scheme provides eligible citizens and PRs with credits to fund professional upskilling. Several relevant courses qualify:

• Equinet Academy: Video Marketing and Content Creation courses (SkillsFuture eligible)
• Nanyang Polytechnic: Continuing Education: Digital Video Production
• NTUC LearningHub: Workplace Digital Skills: Video Content Creation
• Coursera: Google Digital Marketing and E-commerce Certificate (internationally recognised)
• DaVinci Resolve official: Blackmagic Design certification, free online, globally recognised

Building Your Portfolio

In video editing, your portfolio is your CV. Clients and employers in Singapore’s creative industry evaluate demonstrated work over academic qualifications. To build an effective portfolio:

1. Create 3-5 edited videos in different styles: a talking-head interview, a product showcase, a short travel or event highlight, and a motion graphics piece

2. Upload to a dedicated YouTube channel or Vimeo showcase page

3. For each piece, document your editing process: software used, challenges solved, and time invested

4. Seek pro bono projects with local NGOs, community events (e.g., community centre programmes run by People’s Association), or student organisations to build real-world credits

Conclusion

Video editing is, at its core, a storytelling discipline. The software, the transitions, the colour grades, and the audio tools are all instruments in service of one fundamental goal: connecting your audience to a story that is worth their time.

Singapore is an extraordinary environment in which to develop this skill. Its multicultural society, its mix of ultra-modern and deeply traditional visual landscapes, and its digitally sophisticated audience offer content creators a rich canvas. From the heritage shophouses of Katong to the glass towers of Marina Bay, from the hawker tables of Old Airport Road to the rooftop bars of Keong Saik, every corner of the island presents a story waiting to be told.

The techniques in this guide give you the foundation to tell those stories with confidence and craft. But reading about video editing and actually doing it are two very different things. The gap between knowing the principles and producing work you are genuinely proud of is closed through guided, hands-on practice with real feedback from experienced practitioners who have made the mistakes so you do not have to.

If you are ready to move from theory to execution, Equinet Academy’s Certified Digital Videographer course gives you exactly that: a structured, practical programme built around Singapore’s content landscape, covering everything from production planning and camera work through to post-production, colour grading, and platform-optimised delivery. The course is SkillsFuture Credit-eligible, making it accessible to Singapore Citizens and PRs looking to build or formalise their video production skills with recognised certification.

The only remaining step is to start.